Unlikely to be total drive failure as it is new, but random things do happen, that is the “wonder” of computers. I have had power surges wipe the boot sectors on my work computers.
Wait what?
You seem to have bigger issues here somewhere. If EOS won’t run from an USB stick you either have a faulty USB stick, a faulty USB connection in the computer, or (highly unlikely) Arch Linux isn’t able to run on your hardware (which means no flavor of Arch ISO would work, not Arco, not Archlabs, not BlackArch, not… insert distro name here).
BUT for the main issue: Do you have secure boot enabled? Do your computer have a restore function? Is it possible that the Laptop detected a “non functioning Windows boot partition” and tried to “repair” it hence removing the Linux EFI option?
It is always a good idea if you are replacing Windows completely to erase ALL partitions on the drive, even the hidden restore partitions etc.
If this is the case you could try supergrubdisk2.
Download it and boot from that, then you can pick a kernel to boot from and passing by your efi partition and grub.
Perhaps you could remove the quiet parameter from the kernel boot line to see if you get more messages regarding this issue.
You could bring up your grub boot menu. Press e and use the arrow keys to go to the line that begins with linux and delete “quiet”. Now press Ctrl-x to boot in “verbose” mode.
Sounds like a hardware issue. Are you able to boot into your Bios settings and check them. If it’s not booting up and recognizing a drive and also a usb drive? It has to see them in order to read them and boot from them.
If you are able to boot into a USB - run lsblk, find your drive, then run sudo fsck /dev/yourdrivename. This will report any errors in the drive (not fix them though)
Do you use the EFI partition created by Windows?
It SHOULD work, but since it doesn’t for you, if you reinstall make a second FAT32 partition and point /boot/efi to that one instead. That one Windows shouldn’t be able to touch no matter what.