I have dualboot and in my case after kernel update I could only boot Windows 11 via systemd-boot. Also I had the same problem with reinstall-kernels. It helped chkdsk on this particular partition according to the instructions from the Super User:
On Windows, I used DISKPART to assign the EFI System partition a letter. Fired up DISKPART, and typed
LIST DISKto find the disk, followed bySELECT DISK <N>(where is the drive number). Followed the same steps to find the proper partition (i.e.LIST PARTITIONfollowed bySELECT PARTITION <N>), and then simply typedASSIGN LETTER = Xto have Windows mount the partition to letter X.Then opened CMD with administrative access. Ran
CHKDSK X: /f /r
There was a similar problem here: Systemd-boot - Linux/endeavouros boot option suddenly disappeared, only Windows 10 option remains