I have dualboot and in my case after kernel update I could only boot Windows 11 via systemd-boot. Also I had the same problem with reinstall-kernels. It helped chkdsk on this particular partition according to the instructions from the Super User:
On Windows, I used DISKPART to assign the EFI System partition a letter. Fired up DISKPART, and typed LIST DISK to find the disk, followed by SELECT DISK <N> (where is the drive number). Followed the same steps to find the proper partition (i.e. LIST PARTITION followed by SELECT PARTITION <N>), and then simply typed ASSIGN LETTER = X to have Windows mount the partition to letter X.
Then opened CMD with administrative access. Ran CHKDSK X: /f /r