How to configure Discover to only download necessary Updates of already installed Packages (avoiding any further Bloatware)?

As others have pointed out, plasma is a group that contains many packages. Most of the packages you listed are either directly part of the plasma group or dependencies of the packages in the plasma group. Not all of them are required to run plasma.

The core plasma package is called plasma-desktop. Installing it and it’s dependencies will give you a minimal plasma environment.

At this point, rather than reinstall, you can simply remove the packages you don’t need. Keep in mind, you need to do this carefully as some of them may be dependencies of other things. I know kwallet is is not something you can remove since kio depends on it.

Here is what is currently in the plasma group
bluedevil
breeze
breeze-gtk
discover
drkonqi
kactivitymanagerd
kde-cli-tools
kde-gtk-config
kdecoration
kdeplasma-addons
kgamma5
khotkeys
kinfocenter
kmenuedit
knetattach
kscreen
kscreenlocker
ksshaskpass
ksysguard
kwallet-pam
kwayland-integration
kwin
kwrited
libkscreen
libksysguard
milou
oxygen
plasma-browser-integration
plasma-desktop
plasma-integration
plasma-nm
plasma-pa
plasma-sdk
plasma-thunderbolt
plasma-vault
plasma-workspace
plasma-workspace-wallpapers
polkit-kde-agent
powerdevil
sddm-kcm
systemsettings
user-manager
xdg-desktop-portal-kde
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