The other thing that might be affecting things is the fact that you’re passing this through to a VM - that could be creating a set of issues. Might be worth trying with a bare metal installation, or at least a live installer environment (assuming you can get the wifi driver installed - maybe copy the existing package from the VM)?
I’m not using the computer as an access point. I’m also not using USB tethering, the phone is being used as a router.
Unfortunately I can’t install on bare metal per my company policy.
But they do let me install Virtualbox on Windows…
But they don’t let you have internet?
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Doesn’t have to be that laptop. Also, using a live installer environment isn’t “installing”.
They do, of course. But I’m bypassing the corporate firewall using my phone… 
Maybe they block you. 
Strangely enough, the problem doesn’t seem to occur on Endeavour Xfce…