This is a vulkan issue on google chrome. Recent chrome versions enabled vulkan by default, but its broken beyond belief.
As we can see from your screenshots on google chrome display type is ANGLE_VULKAN, but on chromium its ANGLE_OPENGL.
Try disabling vulkan: open new tab, go to chrome://flags, find vulkan option, select disabled and restart chrome (don’t click on relaunch, because that does not work most of the time, close the browser and open it again manually).
If that does not work, you can try to force chrome to use GL by starting it like this
/usr/bin/google-chrome-stable --use-gl=desktop