2 encrypted Linux distros as dualboot

Yes, easily. Let’s assume your /dev/sda2 is encrypted.

  • Get encrypted device info; a luks device can contain up to 8 different keys (passphrases). E. g.
    sudo cryptsetup luksDump /dev/sda2
    -or-
    sudo cryptsetup luksDump /dev/sda2 | grep Slot

  • Change existing key; you’ll be prompted to enter in the existing passphrase first, then to enter in your new passphrase and confirm the new passphrase.
    sudo cryptsetup luksChangeKey /dev/sda2

  • Add new key to empty slot
    sudo cryptsetup luksAddKey /dev/sda2

  • Add new key to specific slot, e. g. slot 5
    sudo cryptsetup luksAddKey /dev/sda2 -S 5

  • Delete a existing key. You don’t have to specify the slot number but instead specify the key to be deleted.
    sudo cryptsetup luksRemoveKey /dev/sda2

  • Delete a specific key slot (for example slot 5);
    sudo cryptsetup luksKillSlot /dev/sda2 5

There are more commands regarding LUKS devices but the above should do the trick.